Georgia Milestones Study Guide Work Page
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Unit 6 Study Guide: Ecology Vocabulary: ID the following words with less than six words...
ecology - study of ecosystems
biotic - living pasts of an ecosystem
abiotic - non-living parts of an ecosystem
population - one species in an area
community - all species in an area
ecosystem - community + environment in an area
biosphere - all ecosystems on earth
producer - makes food in an ecosystem
consumer - eats others in an ecosystem
symbiosis - close relationships
mutualism - both benefit
commensalism - one benefits + one unaffected
competition - seeking same resource
predation - one eats another
parasitism - lives on/in and harms another
food chain - who eats whom
food web - all connected food chains
energy pyramid - diagram of energy loss
biome - area with similar climate
Types of Consumers:
consumers that eat only producers -- herbivores
consumers that eat only other consumers -- carnivores
consumers that eat both producers and consumers -- omnivores
consumers that eat only dead producers and consumers -- scavengers
Energy Flow: Using the diagram on the study guide, answer the following questions:
What is one example of a food chain in this food web? grass -> deer -> mountain lion
What is the relationship between a food web and a food chain? Food web is made of overlapping food chains
What does the arrow in a food chain/food web mean? "...passes energy to..." or "...is eaten by..."
Why are there arrows going away from the tree but not going to the tree? the tree is eaten by others, but does not eat others
Why are there arrows going to the hawk but not going away from the hawk? the hawk eats others but is not eaten by others
Biome Climate:
Rainfall and Temperature
Physical
Features
rainforest * warm
* high precip.: 100 - 160"/year
grassland * temp. varies with latitutde
* moderate precipitation: >10"/year
desert * temp. varies greatly from day to night
* LOW precip.: <10"/year deciduous
forest * temp. varies with latitude
* moderate precipitation
taiga * cold
* moderate precipitation
tundra * COLD (snow 10 months/yr)
* low precip.: usually <10"/year
Physical Features for each biome are listed in the chart in your notes, on I.
The characteristics of the aquatic ecosystems are also in that chart.
Aquatic Ecosystem
Characteristics
Producer
ponds
& lakes
(freshwater)
* lots of algae, floating plants
rivers & streams
(freshwater)
*some algae, few grasses
wetlands
(freshwater)
* grasses (marsh)
* trees (swamp)
estuary
(marine)
* lots of algae
coral reef
(marine)
* algae (most inside coral)
open ocean
(marine)
* plankton (microscopic algae) Unit 4 Study Guide: Genetics UNIT 4 STUDY GUIDE: GENETICS
UNIT 4 STUDY GUIDE: GENETICS
Vocabulary: Identify the terms below using 6 words or less.
1) genetics - study of the passing of traits (study of heredity)
2) Gregor Mendel - father of genetics
3) gene - DNA segment that controls a trait
4) allele - different forms of a gene
5) dominant - gene form (allele) that hides another
6) recessive - gene form (allele) that is hidden
7) homozygous - two of the same alleles (AA or aa)
8) heterozygous - two different alleles (Aa)
9) Punnett Square - tool that predicts offspring
10) genotype - combination of alleles (EE, Ee, ee)
11) phenotype - the way an organism looks (physical appearance)
12) selective breeding - breeding to get desired traits in offspring
14) fertilization - combining of sperm and egg
15) mutation - any change in DNA
16) The genotype for a human female is __XX__ and the genotype
for a human male is __XY__.
17) Complete Punnett Squares for three crosses below. For each Punnett
Square, find the probabilities for each possible genotype and pheotype.
In fruit flies, red eyes (R) is dominant to white eyes (r).
18) What were the phenotypes of the parents in the genetic crosses below?
Angled (A) eyes is dominant to straight (a) eyes.
19) In certain breeds of dogs, deafness is due to a recessive allele (d) of a
particular gene, while normal hearing is due to its dominant allele (D).
What percentage of the offspring of two normal heterozygous (Dd)
dogs would be expected to have normal hearing?
REVIEW… because you still need to know!
1) Draw and label a DNA molecule with three base pairs.
2) __Sexual_ reproduction combines DNA from two parents.
3) _Asexual__ reproduction does not combine DNA.
4) Mitosis makes new __body__ _cells____ that have
a ___full _set__ of chromosomes.
5) Meiosis makes new __sex__ __cells__ that have
a ____half__ __set__ of chromosomes.
Unit 2b Graphic Organizer LIFE SCIENCE SEMESTER I EXAM
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
For each of the exam topics listed below, you may write THREE facts/thought/ideas that will help you thoroughly answer the question on your
exam. You may not write out the entire answer and must stay within the provided space.
Unit 2b
Explain why scientists say that almost all living things depend on photosynthesis when
only autotrophs use the process.
1)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Unit 2a
Relate at least 8 cell parts (mitochondria, etc.) to the parts of one of the following… a school, a farm, or an analogy of your choice. [A city may not be used.]
1)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Unit 1
Create a dichotomous key to identify anything you wish. Suggestions include your favorite snack
food (not pizza or takis) animal, or video game, etc.
1)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Unit 0
Create a STORY in which you include at least 8 important laboratory safety rules either
being followed or not.
1)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Unit 2b Study Guide: Cellular Processes and Energy UNIT 2b STUDY GUIDE: Cellular Processes
REVIEW…
FOUR CARBON COMPOUNDS THAT MAKE-UP ALL ORGANISMS
1) Carbohydrates
__________________________________ (function = provide energy)
2) Lipids
__________________________________ (function = store energy)
3) Proteins
__________________________________ (function = build organisms)
4) Nucleic Acids
__________________________________ (function = store information)
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
in cells, homeostasis is maintained by the ______Cell Membrane____, which controls what enters and leaves the cell and thus is called ________selectively__ permeable
MAIN TYPES OF CELLULAR TRANSPORT
1) ___________passive_ transport - moves molecules without using energy
examples include… _____endocytosis___, ______exocytosis________,
and _________facilitated diffusion_____________________
2) _______active____ transport - moves molecules using energy
examples include… ________endocytosis_______, ____exocytosis________,
and ___________cell membrane pumps_____________
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
osmosis moves ____water___ across a _______membrane___________
from ______high____________ to ______low___________ concentrations -
thus, osmosis is a type of diffusion that moves water
facilitated diffusion uses ______carrier proteins______ (act as tunnels) to move large
molecules from high to low concentration
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
endocytosis moves _____large___ substances __into____ a cell by surrounding the
substance with the cell membrane and forming a vesicle around it ___exocytosis___ moves large substances __out__ of a cell by packaging the substance into a vesicle which then combines with the cell membrane
IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF TRANSPORT
PHOTOSYNTHESIS (The Energy Cycle PART ONE)
What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis?
To Make Glucose for Food
photosynthesis…
...is used by ____autotrophic___ organisms
...occurs in the ___chloroplasts__ of cells
...begins with light being absorbed by the pigment _____chlorophyll____
...uses the gas ____carbon dioxide__, which provides the necessary carbon
...creates the main product ___glucose_________
...creates the waste product ___oxygen_________
overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis… (include symbols and words)
light + CO2 + H2O ----> C6H12O6 + O2
light + carbon dioxide + water yields glucose + oxygen
CELLULAR RESPIRATION (The Energy Cycle PART TWO)
What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?
___To Make ATP for Energy______
cellular respiration…
...is used by _____all living___ organisms
...occurs in the ____mitochondria_____ of cells
...begins with _____glucose____ produced as food during photosynthesis
...uses the gas _____oxygen_____________
...creates the main product _______ATP_______
...creates the wasteproducts ____carbon dioxide_____ & _____water___
...that does not require oxygen is called ___fermentation________
overall chemical reaction for cellular respiration… (include symbols and words)
C6H12O6 + O2 -----> CO2 + H2O + ATP
glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy)
THE ENERGY CYCLE
Fill in the missing information.
See the formula above
==================================================================================
Unit 2a Study Guide: Cells CELL - the smallest component of an organism that carries on all of the processes of life.
Robert Hooke - the first to observe and name cells - observed a Dead Plant Cell called cork.
FOUR CARBON COMPOUNDS THAT MAKE UP ALL ORGANISMS
1 carbohydrates (Function = provide energy)
2 lipids (Function = store energy)
3 proteins (Function = build organisms)
4 nucleic acid (Function = store information)
THE CELL THEORY
1) All living things ____are made of cells_________________________
2) Cells only ________come from other cells____________________
3) Cells provide _____structure and function for organisms________
CELL SIZE AND SHAPE
* The shape of a cell is directly related to its function. For example, nerve cells are long and thin to carry information;
skin cells are flat to cover the body.
* The size of a cell is limited. For example, cells must divide when the inside volume becomes too big for the outside
cell membrane.
THREE BASIC STRUCTURES FOUND IN ALL CELLS
1) ___Cell Membrane___ - boundary that conrols what enters and leaves the cell.
2) ______Cytoplasm___ - the gel-like substance that fills the inside of the cell.
3) ________DNA______ - a molecule that stores information for cell activities.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF CELL
1) prokaryotic cell - a simple cell with no ______Nucleus___________ and no ________organelles____________________.
2) eukaryotic cell - a complex cell that contains _____a nucleus______ and __________organelles____________________.
Ø ____organelle____ - a small cell part that performs a specific function - only found in eukaryotic cells.
STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
Ø the cell membrane is selectively permeable, because it controls what enters and leaves the cell
Ø the cell membrane is a double layer (bilayer) of ____lipids____ and ____proteins____
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1) ____cell____ - basic building block of organisms
(ex. ____muscle cell____)
2) ____tissue_____ - many of the same type of cells performing the same function
(ex. ____muscle____)
3) ____organ____ - several different tissues working toward the same goal
(ex. ____stomach____)
4) ____system____ - many organs working toward the same goal
(ex. ____digestive system____)
ORGANELLES AND CELLULAR STRUCTURES
1) cell membrane - the outer boundary that controls ____what enters and
leaves the cell____
2) cell wall - surrounds the cell membrane and ____supports and protects____
plant cells; composed of cellulose
3) chloroplast - contains the green pigment chlorophyll and makes ___sugar
(food)___ through the process of ____photosynthesis____ in plant cells
4) cytoplasm - ____fills____ the space between the cell membrane & the nucleus
5) cytoskeleton - network of protein strands that ____supports and shapes____
the cell
6) Golgi body - ____packages and ships____ proteins
7) lysosome - contains enzymes that ____break down____ wastes, old cell parts,
and viruses in animal cells
8) mitochondrion - makes ____energy____ called ____ATP____
9) nuclear envelope - double membrane that ____surrounds____ the nucleus
10) nucleolus - structure located inside the nucleus that ____makes ribosomes____
11) nucleus - ____stores and protects____ DNA
12) ribosome - makes ____proteins____
13) endoplasmic reticulum - membrane system that transports ____proteins____ throughout the cell
14) vacuole - ____stores____ wastes and water in plant cells
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
1) has ____a cell wall____ 1) no ____cell wall____
2) has ____a large vacuole____ 2) no ____large vacuole____
3) has ____chloroplasts____ 3) no ____chloroplasts____
4) no _____lysosomes_____ 4) has ____lysosomes____
Unit 1 Study Guide: Characteristics of Life, Classification & Naming Unit 1 Study Guide: Classification, Kingdoms, and Dichotomous Keys
1) Define in your own words:
Ø homeostasis: Internal Balance
example of homeostasis: getting a fever when sick; drinking the "big gulp" and then needing to pee
Ø response: an organism’s reaction to something
example of a response: Your mouth waters when you smell yummy food.
Ø stimulus: Something that causes a reaction or response.
example of a stimulus: The smell of hot chocolate chip cookies.
Ø growth: when an organism becomes larger
example of growth: the height of a tree increases by two feet
Ø development: when an organism becomes more complex
example of development: a caterpillar turns into a butterfly
Ø autotroph: An organism that makes its own food.
example of an autotroph: all plants and algae
Ø heterotroph: An organism that eats others.
example of a heterotroph: all animals and fungi
Ø prokaryote: an organism with cells that do NOT have a nucleus
Ø example of a prokaryote: Bacteria ONLY
Ø eukaryote: an organism with cells that do have a nucleus
Ø example of a eukaryote: all protists, fungi, plants and animals
2) What is the term for a living thing? ____organism___
Of what are living things made? ____cells____________
3) List the six characteristics of all living things.
1. Made of Cells
2. Uses Energy
3. Grows and Develops
4. Able to Reproduce
5. Responds to the Environment
6. Evolves
4) The scientific name of a mountain lion is Puma concolor.
From where does the first part of this name come? _____Genus__________
From where does the second part of this name come? _____species___________
5) Modern classification is based on which languages? __Latin__ & __Greek__
6) List the six kingdoms from simple to complex.
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
7) How are Archaebacteria and Eubacteria different? Their DNA and chemical composition
8) To what kingdom do the following organisms belong?
Mushrooms, bread mold _____fungi______
Ameba, algae, paramecium _________protist______________
Unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme or harsh places ____archaebacteria___________
Insects, worms, fish ______animal_________________
Moss, trees, corn, roses ___________plant____________
9) Place a check in all that apply.
Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
autotroph some some some x
cell wall x x some x x
chloroplasts some x
eukaryote x x x x
heterotroph some some some x x
multicellular some x x x
prokaryote x x
unicellular x x some
10) Use the dichotomous key below to answer the following questions:
1. a. multicellular Go to 2
b. unicellular Go to 4
2. a. autotroph Plant Kingdom
b. heterotroph Go to 3
3. a. cell wall Fungi Kingdom
b. no cell wall Animal Kingdom
4. a. prokaryote (DNA not in a nucleus) Go to 5
b. eukaryote (DNA is in a nucleus) Protist Kingdom
5. a. lives in extreme/harsh environment Archaebacteria Kingdom
b. lives in mild/moderate environment Eubacteria Kingdom
Multicellular organism with cell walls and chloroplasts ___Plant Kingdom____
Multicellular organism with cell walls, but no chloroplasts ___Fungi Kingdom_____
Multicellular organism with no cell walls or chloroplasts ____Animal Kingdom____
Unicellular organism with a nucleus ___Protist Kingdom____
Unicellular organism without a nucleus that lives on your skin __Eubacteria Kinigdom_____
Unicellular organism without a nucleus that lives in a very hot place __Archaebacteria Kingdom____
11) Each step of a dichotomous key has __two_ choices.
In a dichotomous key, only __one_ of the choices can be true for each organism.
What is the purpose of a dichotomous key? to identify an organism
12) Most fungi are ____decomposers_____ (feed off dead matter).
Why is this important? they keep dead matter from piling up on earth and return nutrients to the soil.
13) What process occurs in a chloroplast? _____Photosynthesis______
What organisms have chloroplasts? _____autotrophs that are Eukaryotes like plants and algae___
FYI…
prokaryote: eukaryote:
no nucleus, no chloroplasts, has cell wall, some move has nucleus, has many complex cell parts
plant cell: animal cell:
has nucleus, cell wall (made of cellulose), chloroplasts has nucleus, NO cell wall, NO chloroplasts
Unit 0 Study Guide: Scientific Investigations 1) _____Variables_____: factors that are changed in an experiment
_____Constants_________________: factors that stay the same in an experiment
2) independent variable: what I, the scientist, change at the BEGINNING of an experiment
[ex. lizard food]
dependent variable: the dATA you count/measure dURING an experiment
[ex. lizard health]
3) __controlled experiment_____: a scientific experiment that tests only ONE thing/variable at a time
--> two groups… experimental group: the group you do something to
One difference: IV
control group: the group you do nothing to
4) When you test a new product or medicine, you always need a ____control group____________
_______________. You compare the group that gets the product/medicine to this
group. This helps you be sure that your results are due to the factor being tested.
5) A scientist keeps all conditions for an experiment the same, except for ONE. The one
thing that the scientist changes is the ________independent____________ variable.
What the scientist measures during the experiment is the ______dependent___ variable.
6) The steps of the scientific method are always followed in exactly the same order. T F
All the steps in the scientific method are part of every experiment. T F
Only scientists use the scientific method. T F
7) Calculate the average of 10, 5, 15, 5, 10 45 / 5 = 9
8) Kimberly would like to know if adding Super Gro-Hi to water will make her tulips grow taller. Each week she waters one tulip plant with plain water. She waters another tulip plant with water plus Super Gro-Hi. She places both tulips in the same window. The tulips
are grown in the same size pot, in the same soil, and receive the same amount of water.
Initial Height 1 Week 2 Weeks
tulip/ water only 10 cm 16 cm 20 cm
tulip/ water +
Super Gro-Hi 11 cm 18 cm 30 cm
independent variable: ___________Super Gro-Hi (fertilizer) _____
dependent variable: ____________plant height_______
Which tulip is the control group? ______tulip with water only____
How can Tamika improve her experiment? ____Use MORE tulips____________
Conclusion: ______Super Gro-Hi makes tulips grow taller.______
9) Which step of the scientific method (A through G) does each statement below represent?
A. observe/question
B. form a hypothesis
C. gather information
D. perform an experiment
E. analyze data
F. draw conclusion
G. share results
__E___ Iliana finds that the students listened to station 99.9 for an average of 2.5 hours/day. Students listened to station 95.9 for an average of 1.5 hours/day. Students listened to station 90.0 for an average of 1.0 hours/day.
__F___ Iliana decides that students listen to station 99.9 more than they listen to stations 95.9 or 90.0.
__A___ Iliana wonders which radio station 7th graders listen to the most.
__B___ Iliana thinks that students will listen to the FM station 99.9 the most because this station plays popular rock.
__D___ Iliana asks 25 students to keep journals and record all the radio stations that they listen to. Each day, students write down both the station and the amount of time that they listen to that station. Students keep their journals for seven days.
__G___ Iliana writes an article for the student newspaper. She describes her experiment and what she found out.
10) A large amount of data is gathered during an experiment and the data supports the hypothesis for that experiment. A pattern or relationship is established from the data collected from MANY similar experiments. At this point, that pattern is known to scientists as a
a) law
b) theory
c) hypothesis
11) When reporting experimental results bias [ ___letting your opinions affect your conclusions___] should be avoided.
12) A hypothesis is either wrong or right. T F
If your data does not support your hypothesis, the data should be ignored. T F
A hypothesis is tested with an experiment. T F
If your hypothesis is not supported, a new hypothesis should be tested. T F
Every hypothesis has value. T F
13) The difference between an observation and an inference…
You use one of your five senses (seeing, touching, smelling, tasting, hearing) to make an _______observation__________.
THEN, you may draw a conclusion based on what you observed, but you do not know for sure that it is correct. This is an _____inference_________.
14) Ian has designed an experiment that tests the effect of water temperature on the movement of frogs in an aquarium. He sets up two aquariums, each with 20 frogs. Ignacio designs an experiment just like Ian’s, except that he uses 5 frogs in each of his aquariums. Whose experiment will give the best data? Why? ____Ian's experiment because he has more frogs, i.e. more data._________
15) After your experiment, what do you need to determine? [HINT: it has to do with your hypothesis.] __whether the hypothesis is supported or not_
16) This is a petri dish with colonies of bacteria rowing in 4 different conditions.
What is the independent variable? ___type of disinfectant (germ killer) ____
What is the dependent variable? ___amount of bacteria_____________
What is the control group? ___bacteria with NO disinfectant_________________
17)
What is the independent variable? _____flower color__________________________
What could be the dependent variable? _____Number of times flower is visited________________
Why is the hummingbird type, time of day, and flower type the same for all groups?
____These are constants used to prove the results are due to flower color only_________________________________
Could you use a different type of flower for this experiment? ___Yes________
18) How do scientists analyze data? _____organize it in tables and graphs__
ecology - study of ecosystems
biotic - living pasts of an ecosystem
abiotic - non-living parts of an ecosystem
population - one species in an area
community - all species in an area
ecosystem - community + environment in an area
biosphere - all ecosystems on earth
producer - makes food in an ecosystem
consumer - eats others in an ecosystem
symbiosis - close relationships
mutualism - both benefit
commensalism - one benefits + one unaffected
competition - seeking same resource
predation - one eats another
parasitism - lives on/in and harms another
food chain - who eats whom
food web - all connected food chains
energy pyramid - diagram of energy loss
biome - area with similar climate
Types of Consumers:
consumers that eat only producers -- herbivores
consumers that eat only other consumers -- carnivores
consumers that eat both producers and consumers -- omnivores
consumers that eat only dead producers and consumers -- scavengers
Energy Flow: Using the diagram on the study guide, answer the following questions:
What is one example of a food chain in this food web? grass -> deer -> mountain lion
What is the relationship between a food web and a food chain? Food web is made of overlapping food chains
What does the arrow in a food chain/food web mean? "...passes energy to..." or "...is eaten by..."
Why are there arrows going away from the tree but not going to the tree? the tree is eaten by others, but does not eat others
Why are there arrows going to the hawk but not going away from the hawk? the hawk eats others but is not eaten by others
Biome Climate:
Rainfall and Temperature
Physical
Features
rainforest * warm
* high precip.: 100 - 160"/year
grassland * temp. varies with latitutde
* moderate precipitation: >10"/year
desert * temp. varies greatly from day to night
* LOW precip.: <10"/year deciduous
forest * temp. varies with latitude
* moderate precipitation
taiga * cold
* moderate precipitation
tundra * COLD (snow 10 months/yr)
* low precip.: usually <10"/year
Physical Features for each biome are listed in the chart in your notes, on I.
The characteristics of the aquatic ecosystems are also in that chart.
Aquatic Ecosystem
Characteristics
Producer
ponds
& lakes
(freshwater)
* lots of algae, floating plants
rivers & streams
(freshwater)
*some algae, few grasses
wetlands
(freshwater)
* grasses (marsh)
* trees (swamp)
estuary
(marine)
* lots of algae
coral reef
(marine)
* algae (most inside coral)
open ocean
(marine)
* plankton (microscopic algae) Unit 4 Study Guide: Genetics UNIT 4 STUDY GUIDE: GENETICS
UNIT 4 STUDY GUIDE: GENETICS
Vocabulary: Identify the terms below using 6 words or less.
1) genetics - study of the passing of traits (study of heredity)
2) Gregor Mendel - father of genetics
3) gene - DNA segment that controls a trait
4) allele - different forms of a gene
5) dominant - gene form (allele) that hides another
6) recessive - gene form (allele) that is hidden
7) homozygous - two of the same alleles (AA or aa)
8) heterozygous - two different alleles (Aa)
9) Punnett Square - tool that predicts offspring
10) genotype - combination of alleles (EE, Ee, ee)
11) phenotype - the way an organism looks (physical appearance)
12) selective breeding - breeding to get desired traits in offspring
14) fertilization - combining of sperm and egg
15) mutation - any change in DNA
16) The genotype for a human female is __XX__ and the genotype
for a human male is __XY__.
17) Complete Punnett Squares for three crosses below. For each Punnett
Square, find the probabilities for each possible genotype and pheotype.
In fruit flies, red eyes (R) is dominant to white eyes (r).
18) What were the phenotypes of the parents in the genetic crosses below?
Angled (A) eyes is dominant to straight (a) eyes.
19) In certain breeds of dogs, deafness is due to a recessive allele (d) of a
particular gene, while normal hearing is due to its dominant allele (D).
What percentage of the offspring of two normal heterozygous (Dd)
dogs would be expected to have normal hearing?
REVIEW… because you still need to know!
1) Draw and label a DNA molecule with three base pairs.
2) __Sexual_ reproduction combines DNA from two parents.
3) _Asexual__ reproduction does not combine DNA.
4) Mitosis makes new __body__ _cells____ that have
a ___full _set__ of chromosomes.
5) Meiosis makes new __sex__ __cells__ that have
a ____half__ __set__ of chromosomes.
Unit 2b Graphic Organizer LIFE SCIENCE SEMESTER I EXAM
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
For each of the exam topics listed below, you may write THREE facts/thought/ideas that will help you thoroughly answer the question on your
exam. You may not write out the entire answer and must stay within the provided space.
Unit 2b
Explain why scientists say that almost all living things depend on photosynthesis when
only autotrophs use the process.
1)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Unit 2a
Relate at least 8 cell parts (mitochondria, etc.) to the parts of one of the following… a school, a farm, or an analogy of your choice. [A city may not be used.]
1)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Unit 1
Create a dichotomous key to identify anything you wish. Suggestions include your favorite snack
food (not pizza or takis) animal, or video game, etc.
1)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Unit 0
Create a STORY in which you include at least 8 important laboratory safety rules either
being followed or not.
1)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Unit 2b Study Guide: Cellular Processes and Energy UNIT 2b STUDY GUIDE: Cellular Processes
REVIEW…
FOUR CARBON COMPOUNDS THAT MAKE-UP ALL ORGANISMS
1) Carbohydrates
__________________________________ (function = provide energy)
2) Lipids
__________________________________ (function = store energy)
3) Proteins
__________________________________ (function = build organisms)
4) Nucleic Acids
__________________________________ (function = store information)
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
in cells, homeostasis is maintained by the ______Cell Membrane____, which controls what enters and leaves the cell and thus is called ________selectively__ permeable
MAIN TYPES OF CELLULAR TRANSPORT
1) ___________passive_ transport - moves molecules without using energy
examples include… _____endocytosis___, ______exocytosis________,
and _________facilitated diffusion_____________________
2) _______active____ transport - moves molecules using energy
examples include… ________endocytosis_______, ____exocytosis________,
and ___________cell membrane pumps_____________
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
osmosis moves ____water___ across a _______membrane___________
from ______high____________ to ______low___________ concentrations -
thus, osmosis is a type of diffusion that moves water
facilitated diffusion uses ______carrier proteins______ (act as tunnels) to move large
molecules from high to low concentration
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
endocytosis moves _____large___ substances __into____ a cell by surrounding the
substance with the cell membrane and forming a vesicle around it ___exocytosis___ moves large substances __out__ of a cell by packaging the substance into a vesicle which then combines with the cell membrane
IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF TRANSPORT
PHOTOSYNTHESIS (The Energy Cycle PART ONE)
What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis?
To Make Glucose for Food
photosynthesis…
...is used by ____autotrophic___ organisms
...occurs in the ___chloroplasts__ of cells
...begins with light being absorbed by the pigment _____chlorophyll____
...uses the gas ____carbon dioxide__, which provides the necessary carbon
...creates the main product ___glucose_________
...creates the waste product ___oxygen_________
overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis… (include symbols and words)
light + CO2 + H2O ----> C6H12O6 + O2
light + carbon dioxide + water yields glucose + oxygen
CELLULAR RESPIRATION (The Energy Cycle PART TWO)
What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?
___To Make ATP for Energy______
cellular respiration…
...is used by _____all living___ organisms
...occurs in the ____mitochondria_____ of cells
...begins with _____glucose____ produced as food during photosynthesis
...uses the gas _____oxygen_____________
...creates the main product _______ATP_______
...creates the wasteproducts ____carbon dioxide_____ & _____water___
...that does not require oxygen is called ___fermentation________
overall chemical reaction for cellular respiration… (include symbols and words)
C6H12O6 + O2 -----> CO2 + H2O + ATP
glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy)
THE ENERGY CYCLE
Fill in the missing information.
See the formula above
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Unit 2a Study Guide: Cells CELL - the smallest component of an organism that carries on all of the processes of life.
Robert Hooke - the first to observe and name cells - observed a Dead Plant Cell called cork.
FOUR CARBON COMPOUNDS THAT MAKE UP ALL ORGANISMS
1 carbohydrates (Function = provide energy)
2 lipids (Function = store energy)
3 proteins (Function = build organisms)
4 nucleic acid (Function = store information)
THE CELL THEORY
1) All living things ____are made of cells_________________________
2) Cells only ________come from other cells____________________
3) Cells provide _____structure and function for organisms________
CELL SIZE AND SHAPE
* The shape of a cell is directly related to its function. For example, nerve cells are long and thin to carry information;
skin cells are flat to cover the body.
* The size of a cell is limited. For example, cells must divide when the inside volume becomes too big for the outside
cell membrane.
THREE BASIC STRUCTURES FOUND IN ALL CELLS
1) ___Cell Membrane___ - boundary that conrols what enters and leaves the cell.
2) ______Cytoplasm___ - the gel-like substance that fills the inside of the cell.
3) ________DNA______ - a molecule that stores information for cell activities.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF CELL
1) prokaryotic cell - a simple cell with no ______Nucleus___________ and no ________organelles____________________.
2) eukaryotic cell - a complex cell that contains _____a nucleus______ and __________organelles____________________.
Ø ____organelle____ - a small cell part that performs a specific function - only found in eukaryotic cells.
STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
Ø the cell membrane is selectively permeable, because it controls what enters and leaves the cell
Ø the cell membrane is a double layer (bilayer) of ____lipids____ and ____proteins____
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1) ____cell____ - basic building block of organisms
(ex. ____muscle cell____)
2) ____tissue_____ - many of the same type of cells performing the same function
(ex. ____muscle____)
3) ____organ____ - several different tissues working toward the same goal
(ex. ____stomach____)
4) ____system____ - many organs working toward the same goal
(ex. ____digestive system____)
ORGANELLES AND CELLULAR STRUCTURES
1) cell membrane - the outer boundary that controls ____what enters and
leaves the cell____
2) cell wall - surrounds the cell membrane and ____supports and protects____
plant cells; composed of cellulose
3) chloroplast - contains the green pigment chlorophyll and makes ___sugar
(food)___ through the process of ____photosynthesis____ in plant cells
4) cytoplasm - ____fills____ the space between the cell membrane & the nucleus
5) cytoskeleton - network of protein strands that ____supports and shapes____
the cell
6) Golgi body - ____packages and ships____ proteins
7) lysosome - contains enzymes that ____break down____ wastes, old cell parts,
and viruses in animal cells
8) mitochondrion - makes ____energy____ called ____ATP____
9) nuclear envelope - double membrane that ____surrounds____ the nucleus
10) nucleolus - structure located inside the nucleus that ____makes ribosomes____
11) nucleus - ____stores and protects____ DNA
12) ribosome - makes ____proteins____
13) endoplasmic reticulum - membrane system that transports ____proteins____ throughout the cell
14) vacuole - ____stores____ wastes and water in plant cells
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
1) has ____a cell wall____ 1) no ____cell wall____
2) has ____a large vacuole____ 2) no ____large vacuole____
3) has ____chloroplasts____ 3) no ____chloroplasts____
4) no _____lysosomes_____ 4) has ____lysosomes____
Unit 1 Study Guide: Characteristics of Life, Classification & Naming Unit 1 Study Guide: Classification, Kingdoms, and Dichotomous Keys
1) Define in your own words:
Ø homeostasis: Internal Balance
example of homeostasis: getting a fever when sick; drinking the "big gulp" and then needing to pee
Ø response: an organism’s reaction to something
example of a response: Your mouth waters when you smell yummy food.
Ø stimulus: Something that causes a reaction or response.
example of a stimulus: The smell of hot chocolate chip cookies.
Ø growth: when an organism becomes larger
example of growth: the height of a tree increases by two feet
Ø development: when an organism becomes more complex
example of development: a caterpillar turns into a butterfly
Ø autotroph: An organism that makes its own food.
example of an autotroph: all plants and algae
Ø heterotroph: An organism that eats others.
example of a heterotroph: all animals and fungi
Ø prokaryote: an organism with cells that do NOT have a nucleus
Ø example of a prokaryote: Bacteria ONLY
Ø eukaryote: an organism with cells that do have a nucleus
Ø example of a eukaryote: all protists, fungi, plants and animals
2) What is the term for a living thing? ____organism___
Of what are living things made? ____cells____________
3) List the six characteristics of all living things.
1. Made of Cells
2. Uses Energy
3. Grows and Develops
4. Able to Reproduce
5. Responds to the Environment
6. Evolves
4) The scientific name of a mountain lion is Puma concolor.
From where does the first part of this name come? _____Genus__________
From where does the second part of this name come? _____species___________
5) Modern classification is based on which languages? __Latin__ & __Greek__
6) List the six kingdoms from simple to complex.
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
7) How are Archaebacteria and Eubacteria different? Their DNA and chemical composition
8) To what kingdom do the following organisms belong?
Mushrooms, bread mold _____fungi______
Ameba, algae, paramecium _________protist______________
Unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme or harsh places ____archaebacteria___________
Insects, worms, fish ______animal_________________
Moss, trees, corn, roses ___________plant____________
9) Place a check in all that apply.
Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
autotroph some some some x
cell wall x x some x x
chloroplasts some x
eukaryote x x x x
heterotroph some some some x x
multicellular some x x x
prokaryote x x
unicellular x x some
10) Use the dichotomous key below to answer the following questions:
1. a. multicellular Go to 2
b. unicellular Go to 4
2. a. autotroph Plant Kingdom
b. heterotroph Go to 3
3. a. cell wall Fungi Kingdom
b. no cell wall Animal Kingdom
4. a. prokaryote (DNA not in a nucleus) Go to 5
b. eukaryote (DNA is in a nucleus) Protist Kingdom
5. a. lives in extreme/harsh environment Archaebacteria Kingdom
b. lives in mild/moderate environment Eubacteria Kingdom
Multicellular organism with cell walls and chloroplasts ___Plant Kingdom____
Multicellular organism with cell walls, but no chloroplasts ___Fungi Kingdom_____
Multicellular organism with no cell walls or chloroplasts ____Animal Kingdom____
Unicellular organism with a nucleus ___Protist Kingdom____
Unicellular organism without a nucleus that lives on your skin __Eubacteria Kinigdom_____
Unicellular organism without a nucleus that lives in a very hot place __Archaebacteria Kingdom____
11) Each step of a dichotomous key has __two_ choices.
In a dichotomous key, only __one_ of the choices can be true for each organism.
What is the purpose of a dichotomous key? to identify an organism
12) Most fungi are ____decomposers_____ (feed off dead matter).
Why is this important? they keep dead matter from piling up on earth and return nutrients to the soil.
13) What process occurs in a chloroplast? _____Photosynthesis______
What organisms have chloroplasts? _____autotrophs that are Eukaryotes like plants and algae___
FYI…
prokaryote: eukaryote:
no nucleus, no chloroplasts, has cell wall, some move has nucleus, has many complex cell parts
plant cell: animal cell:
has nucleus, cell wall (made of cellulose), chloroplasts has nucleus, NO cell wall, NO chloroplasts
Unit 0 Study Guide: Scientific Investigations 1) _____Variables_____: factors that are changed in an experiment
_____Constants_________________: factors that stay the same in an experiment
2) independent variable: what I, the scientist, change at the BEGINNING of an experiment
[ex. lizard food]
dependent variable: the dATA you count/measure dURING an experiment
[ex. lizard health]
3) __controlled experiment_____: a scientific experiment that tests only ONE thing/variable at a time
--> two groups… experimental group: the group you do something to
One difference: IV
control group: the group you do nothing to
4) When you test a new product or medicine, you always need a ____control group____________
_______________. You compare the group that gets the product/medicine to this
group. This helps you be sure that your results are due to the factor being tested.
5) A scientist keeps all conditions for an experiment the same, except for ONE. The one
thing that the scientist changes is the ________independent____________ variable.
What the scientist measures during the experiment is the ______dependent___ variable.
6) The steps of the scientific method are always followed in exactly the same order. T F
All the steps in the scientific method are part of every experiment. T F
Only scientists use the scientific method. T F
7) Calculate the average of 10, 5, 15, 5, 10 45 / 5 = 9
8) Kimberly would like to know if adding Super Gro-Hi to water will make her tulips grow taller. Each week she waters one tulip plant with plain water. She waters another tulip plant with water plus Super Gro-Hi. She places both tulips in the same window. The tulips
are grown in the same size pot, in the same soil, and receive the same amount of water.
Initial Height 1 Week 2 Weeks
tulip/ water only 10 cm 16 cm 20 cm
tulip/ water +
Super Gro-Hi 11 cm 18 cm 30 cm
independent variable: ___________Super Gro-Hi (fertilizer) _____
dependent variable: ____________plant height_______
Which tulip is the control group? ______tulip with water only____
How can Tamika improve her experiment? ____Use MORE tulips____________
Conclusion: ______Super Gro-Hi makes tulips grow taller.______
9) Which step of the scientific method (A through G) does each statement below represent?
A. observe/question
B. form a hypothesis
C. gather information
D. perform an experiment
E. analyze data
F. draw conclusion
G. share results
__E___ Iliana finds that the students listened to station 99.9 for an average of 2.5 hours/day. Students listened to station 95.9 for an average of 1.5 hours/day. Students listened to station 90.0 for an average of 1.0 hours/day.
__F___ Iliana decides that students listen to station 99.9 more than they listen to stations 95.9 or 90.0.
__A___ Iliana wonders which radio station 7th graders listen to the most.
__B___ Iliana thinks that students will listen to the FM station 99.9 the most because this station plays popular rock.
__D___ Iliana asks 25 students to keep journals and record all the radio stations that they listen to. Each day, students write down both the station and the amount of time that they listen to that station. Students keep their journals for seven days.
__G___ Iliana writes an article for the student newspaper. She describes her experiment and what she found out.
10) A large amount of data is gathered during an experiment and the data supports the hypothesis for that experiment. A pattern or relationship is established from the data collected from MANY similar experiments. At this point, that pattern is known to scientists as a
a) law
b) theory
c) hypothesis
11) When reporting experimental results bias [ ___letting your opinions affect your conclusions___] should be avoided.
12) A hypothesis is either wrong or right. T F
If your data does not support your hypothesis, the data should be ignored. T F
A hypothesis is tested with an experiment. T F
If your hypothesis is not supported, a new hypothesis should be tested. T F
Every hypothesis has value. T F
13) The difference between an observation and an inference…
You use one of your five senses (seeing, touching, smelling, tasting, hearing) to make an _______observation__________.
THEN, you may draw a conclusion based on what you observed, but you do not know for sure that it is correct. This is an _____inference_________.
14) Ian has designed an experiment that tests the effect of water temperature on the movement of frogs in an aquarium. He sets up two aquariums, each with 20 frogs. Ignacio designs an experiment just like Ian’s, except that he uses 5 frogs in each of his aquariums. Whose experiment will give the best data? Why? ____Ian's experiment because he has more frogs, i.e. more data._________
15) After your experiment, what do you need to determine? [HINT: it has to do with your hypothesis.] __whether the hypothesis is supported or not_
16) This is a petri dish with colonies of bacteria rowing in 4 different conditions.
What is the independent variable? ___type of disinfectant (germ killer) ____
What is the dependent variable? ___amount of bacteria_____________
What is the control group? ___bacteria with NO disinfectant_________________
17)
What is the independent variable? _____flower color__________________________
What could be the dependent variable? _____Number of times flower is visited________________
Why is the hummingbird type, time of day, and flower type the same for all groups?
____These are constants used to prove the results are due to flower color only_________________________________
Could you use a different type of flower for this experiment? ___Yes________
18) How do scientists analyze data? _____organize it in tables and graphs__